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The Mishna enumerates thirty-nine "Avot" or principal acts of labor, the performance of any
one of which constitutes a violation of the Shabbat. Every other kind of work becomes illegal
only if it can be classified under one or any of these principal acts of labor. Thus, for instance,
under the principal act of ploughing, every analogous kind of work, such as digging, delving,
weeding, dunging, etc., must be classified. In addition to these thirty-nine principal acts and
their accessories and derivatives, there are other acts which are especially prohibited by the
rabbinical law as tending to violate the Shabbat rest (Shevut). For the violation itself various
degrees of culpability are established, and various degrees of punishment awarded. All these
subjects relating to the due observance of the Sabbath, and pointing out its violation in every
possible way, form the contents of the treatise Shabbat. More...
one of which constitutes a violation of the Shabbat. Every other kind of work becomes illegal
only if it can be classified under one or any of these principal acts of labor. Thus, for instance,
under the principal act of ploughing, every analogous kind of work, such as digging, delving,
weeding, dunging, etc., must be classified. In addition to these thirty-nine principal acts and
their accessories and derivatives, there are other acts which are especially prohibited by the
rabbinical law as tending to violate the Shabbat rest (Shevut). For the violation itself various
degrees of culpability are established, and various degrees of punishment awarded. All these
subjects relating to the due observance of the Sabbath, and pointing out its violation in every
possible way, form the contents of the treatise Shabbat. More...